This section of the site is an ever evolving list of technical articles ranging from the architecture of a typical glass pH electrode, to system architecture, to control technology and theory. The list will continue to grow over time and we hope that some find this to be of some use. There are other articles that we have available upon request that are not published to the internet. Feel free to call and request these papers. A list of selected articles follows :

pH Probe Architecture. This article provides a description of how a pH electrode functions. Sample calibration procedures are also included in this discussion.

pH Probe Calibrations. This article discusses the fundamental procedure for cleaning and calibrating the most common pH electrodes used in industry today which are also the most common probes that we use on our systems.

pH Adjustment, a primer. This articles provides a review of the meaning of pH, covering the pH scale, acids and bases, acidity and alkalinity, and the definition of pH. Also covered are the two basic system designs used in industry Continuous Batch (Flow Through) and Batch pH adjustment systems. Also discussed, but only briefly, is our proprietary design known as "Optimized Batch" pH adjustment / neutralization systems.

Limestone for pH Adjustment. This article clears up many misgivings regarding the use of limestone of for pH Adjustment. So you are thinking about using limestone? Better read this article first.

Chemicals used for pH Adjustment. The various choices for acid and base neutralizing chemicals are discussed here. If you are wondering which acid or base you should use as a neutralization agent then this discussion may be of help.

Case Studies:

Fluoride Reduction. This case study examines a duplex fluoride reduction system designed to reduce fluorides in semiconductor fab wastewater from very high levels to as low as 2 ppm.

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